{
  "$schema": "../schema/atlas.schema.json",
  "kind": "atlas-citations",
  "description": "United States: the Statutes at Large and newspapers of November 1883 and April 1918, read on Library of Congress page images (the newspapers in Chronicling America) on the retrieval date. The excerpts were checked again against the Library of Congress OCR text of each page, and against the page image where the OCR garbles a figure (each citation's checks).",
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "us-stat-1918-zones",
      "type": "law",
      "title": "An Act To save daylight and to provide standard time for the United States (ch. 24, approved March 19, 1918), section 1",
      "date": "1918-03-19",
      "issuer": "Congress of the United States (65th Congress)",
      "publication": "United States Statutes at Large, vol. 40, pp. 450-451",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/llsalvol.llsal_040/?sp=468",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "40 Stat. 450-451, ch. 24, sec. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The standard time of the first zone shall be based on the mean astronomical time of the seventy-fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich; that of the second zone on the ninetieth degree",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [
        {
          "method": "ocr",
          "date": "2026-09-28",
          "result": "matches",
          "note": "The passage runs from p. 450 to p. 451; the OCR of both pages was read."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-stat-1918-dst",
      "type": "law",
      "title": "An Act To save daylight and to provide standard time for the United States (ch. 24, approved March 19, 1918), section 3",
      "date": "1918-03-19",
      "issuer": "Congress of the United States (65th Congress)",
      "publication": "United States Statutes at Large, vol. 40, p. 451",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/llsalvol.llsal_040/?sp=469",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "40 Stat. 451, ch. 24, sec. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "at two o'clock antemeridian of the last Sunday in March [...] the standard time of each zone shall be advanced one hour, and at two o'clock antemeridian of the last Sunday in October [...] by the retarding of one hour",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-stat-1919-repeal",
      "type": "law",
      "title": "An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law (ch. 51, August 20, 1919; passed over the President's veto)",
      "date": "1919-08-20",
      "issuer": "Congress of the United States (66th Congress)",
      "publication": "United States Statutes at Large, vol. 41, p. 280",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/llsalvol.llsal_041/?sp=301",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "41 Stat. 280, ch. 51",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "That section 3 of the Act entitled \"An Act to save daylight and to provide standard time for the United States,\" approved March 19, 1918, is hereby repealed, effective on the last Sunday of October, 1919",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-laramie-1918-04-10-zones",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Recognition of Zones",
      "date": "1918-04-10",
      "issuer": "The Laramie Republican (Laramie, Wyo.)",
      "publication": "The Laramie Republican, 10 April 1918",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92066979/1918-04-10/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, foot of col. 4, continued at the top of col. 5",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The existing standard time zones have been recognized by the interstate commerce commission. [...] there was not time [...] to do other than recognize the existing limits; and that has been done.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }],
      "gloss": "With no time to draw new limits before the Standard Time Act took effect, the Interstate Commerce Commission recognized the existing standard time zones."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-stat-1884-dc",
      "type": "law",
      "title": "An act to establish a standard of time in the District of Columbia (ch. 12, approved March 13, 1884)",
      "date": "1884-03-13",
      "issuer": "Congress of the United States (48th Congress)",
      "publication": "United States Statutes at Large, vol. 23, p. 4",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/llsalvol.llsal_023/?sp=32",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "23 Stat. 4, ch. 12",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "That the legal standard of time in the District of Columbia shall hereafter be the mean time of the seventy-fifth meridian of longitude west from Greenwich.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-star-1883-11-10-nyc",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Standard Time in New York",
      "date": "1883-11-10",
      "issuer": "Evening Star (Washington, D.C.)",
      "publication": "Evening Star, 10 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-10/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 4",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The mayor has signed the resolution changing the city time and reading \"that at noon, November 18, 1883, and thereafter all time in the city of New York shall conform to the new standard [...]\"",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-sun-1883-11-19-cityhall",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "New York Time at an End: the Old Standard Dropped, and the New One Adopted",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "The Sun (New York)",
      "publication": "The Sun, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 1, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "lifting a pin, stopped the great clock at 12 minutes past 12 o'clock. Three minutes 58 seconds and 38-100 seconds later he started the works again. Thus the metropolis officially recognized the new time",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [
        {
          "method": "ocr",
          "date": "2026-09-28",
          "result": "partial",
          "note": "The OCR garbles the figures (\"tlire nilnutei 33 seconds and 8lui seconds\")."
        },
        { "method": "page-image", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }
      ],
      "gloss": "The City Hall clock was stopped for 3 min 58.38 s to bring it from New York time to Eastern standard time."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-star-1883-11-17-baltimore",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Standard Time in Baltimore",
      "date": "1883-11-17",
      "issuer": "Evening Star (Washington, D.C.)",
      "publication": "Evening Star, 17 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-17/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 5",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The new time standard of the 75th meridian, which advances Baltimore time six minutes and twenty-eight seconds, goes into effect here at noon to-morrow. [...] and city time reckoned by it.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [
        {
          "method": "ocr",
          "date": "2026-09-28",
          "result": "partial",
          "note": "The OCR reads \"73 h meridian\" for \"75th meridian\"."
        },
        { "method": "page-image", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-star-1883-11-19-departments",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "How Father Time Was Robbed of Eight Minutes Yesterday",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "Evening Star (Washington, D.C.)",
      "publication": "Evening Star, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 1, col. 5",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The business men generally who have no connection with the railroads will keep the old time, regulating their watches by the bells at noon. [...] The clocks in the up-town departments have not been changed",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-star-1883-11-19-bells",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "How Father Time Was Robbed of Eight Minutes Yesterday: the fire bells to give both times",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "Evening Star (Washington, D.C.)",
      "publication": "Evening Star, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 1, col. 5",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "the naval observatory will signal every day the new time, eight minutes and twelve seconds earlier, when the fire-alarm bells will each strike one simultaneously; then, eight minutes and twelve seconds later, they will strike the usual number (twelve)",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [
        {
          "method": "ocr",
          "date": "2026-09-28",
          "result": "partial",
          "note": "The OCR garbles the first \"twelve seconds\" (\"j tu v seconds\")."
        },
        { "method": "page-image", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }
      ],
      "gloss": "Washington noon came 8 min 12 s after Eastern standard noon."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-narragansett-1883-11-03-providence",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Local news (the railroads centering in Providence adopt standard time)",
      "date": "1883-11-03",
      "issuer": "Narragansett Herald (Narragansett Pier, R.I.)",
      "publication": "Narragansett Herald, 3 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92063989/1883-11-03/ed-1/?sp=2",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 2, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "which will be a set back of 14 minutes and 40 seconds, thus the railroad time will be fifteen minutes slower than Providence time.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-pawtucket-1883-11-23-providence",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Local news (the new standard of time in Pawtucket and Providence)",
      "date": "1883-11-23",
      "issuer": "Pawtucket Gazette and Chronicle (Pawtucket, R.I.)",
      "publication": "Pawtucket Gazette and Chronicle, 23 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83021578/1883-11-23/ed-1/?sp=2",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 2, col. 5",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The Providence authorities, as in other important matters, procrastinated, and did not \"come to (the new) time\" until Tuesday.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }],
      "gloss": "Providence adopted standard time on Tuesday 20 November 1883."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-indj-1883-11-19-noon",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "The Change in Time: the Standard Time Duly Adopted",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "The Indianapolis Journal",
      "publication": "The Indianapolis Journal, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015679/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=8",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 8, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The new change in time, the central standard, as it is called, went into effect at 12 o'clock, noon, yesterday, and the jewelers of the city will to-day change their regulators to correspond.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-indj-1883-11-19-courthouse",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "The Change in Time: the Standard Time Duly Adopted",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "The Indianapolis Journal",
      "publication": "The Indianapolis Journal, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015679/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=8",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 8, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "Yesterday afternoon the court-house clock was set back sixteen minutes, and is now speeding along, judging from its placid face, wholly oblivious of the change.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-bourbon-1883-11-20-louisville",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Local notes (standard time in Louisville)",
      "date": "1883-11-20",
      "issuer": "Semi-Weekly Bourbon News (Paris, Ky.)",
      "publication": "Semi-Weekly Bourbon News, 20 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86069872/1883-11-20/ed-1/?sp=1",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 1, col. 2",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "Dr. E. A. Grant, of Louisville, is the father of the \"standard time\" arrangement [...] In that city the fire bells rang at twelve o'clock, new time, and the city clock was turned back 18 minutes.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-argus-1883-11-19-chicago",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "By Meridian Ninety: the New Standard Time Went into Effect at Noon Yesterday",
      "date": "1883-11-19",
      "issuer": "The Rock Island Argus (Rock Island, Ill.)",
      "publication": "The Rock Island Argus, 19 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92053943/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=4",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 4, col. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The central time is based upon that of the 90th meridian, which is nine minutes slower than Chicago time.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ottawa-1883-11-24-chicago",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Standard Time",
      "date": "1883-11-24",
      "issuer": "The Ottawa Free Trader (Ottawa, Ill.)",
      "publication": "The Ottawa Free Trader, 24 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038582/1883-11-24/ed-1/?sp=7",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 7, col. 4",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The Chicago papers of Sunday [...] the change in the standard time inaugurated in that city on Sunday noon. The new time standard has been adopted [...] by the Board of Trade and a number of hotels",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-25-stpaul",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest",
      "date": "1883-11-25",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Sunday Globe, 25 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "At noon to-day in St. Paul and throughout this part of the northwest the new standard time will be inaugurated.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-25-meantime",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest",
      "date": "1883-11-25",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Sunday Globe, 25 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "Our new time will be twelve minutes faster than the old time, which places us only three degrees east of our former meantime.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-25-omaha",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest",
      "date": "1883-11-25",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Sunday Globe, 25 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway company, which formerly was goverened by Omaha time, make a change ahead of 23 minutes and 40 seconds, or ahead 12 minutes and 8 seconds by St. Paul time.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }],
      "gloss": "The railway moved its clocks from Omaha time to the new central time, 23 min 40 s ahead, which is 12 min 8 s ahead of Saint Paul time. \"goverened\" is the paper's spelling."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-25-council",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest",
      "date": "1883-11-25",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Sunday Globe, 25 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 5, col. 3",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The city council and chamber of commerce have adopted it.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-25-minneapolis",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Minneapolis Globules",
      "date": "1883-11-25",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Sunday Globe, 25 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=6",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 6, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The new standard time will be generally adopted in Minneapolis to-day.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [{ "method": "ocr", "date": "2026-09-28", "result": "matches" }]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-globe-1883-11-27-minneapolis",
      "type": "newspaper-report",
      "title": "Minneapolis Globelets",
      "date": "1883-11-27",
      "issuer": "Daily Globe (St. Paul, Minn.)",
      "publication": "The St. Paul Daily Globe, 27 November 1883",
      "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-27/ed-1/?sp=6",
      "retrieved": "2026-09-28",
      "locator": "p. 6, col. 1",
      "language": "en",
      "excerpt": "The new standard time is working finely throughout Minneapolis. Some are slow in adopting it as the English nation was in adopting the Gregorian calendar, but the prejudice will soon die out.",
      "excerptBasis": "page-image",
      "checks": [
        {
          "method": "ocr",
          "date": "2026-09-28",
          "result": "matches",
          "note": "Against the Library of Congress OCR text of the page, which garbles \"calendar\" (\"•dendar\"); its first letter is blotted on the page image too."
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "Two days after the change, standard time was in general use in Minneapolis, though some were slow to adopt it."
    }
  ]
}