# Differences from tzdb

Generated by `node atlas/tools/compare-tzdb.mjs` from the atlas and `atlas/tzdb/tzdb-2025c.json`. Do not edit this file: explanations live in `atlas/data/tzdb-explanations.json`, and `node atlas/tools/check.mjs` fails when this file is stale or a difference has no explanation.

## What is compared

The base is tzdb 2025c with backzone, built by the L3 conformance recipe (conformance/arbiters/l3/README.md, "Build" (make PACKRATDATA=backzone PACKRATLIST=zone.tab tzdata.zi; zic -d DIR tzdata.zi)); the tarball's SHA-256 is `4aa79e4effee53fc4029ffe5f6ebe97937282ebcdf386d5d2da91ce84142f957` and the compiled tree matches the digest recorded in `conformance/sources/l3/tzdata.json` (598 files, `98ba2bd3eb549fced32814888318d478c96eb65d5fa5b482ee1d89ebb298bcc5`).

Every covered place is compared, over the whole coverage window (1870-01-01T00:00:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00:00, local time), with the zone tzdb uses for where it is (`tzdbZone` in `atlas/data/places.json`) and, for some places, with a second zone for information. For each period between consecutive changes in either source the two offsets are compared. A difference is a period in which they differ by one second or more. tzdb stores whole seconds only, so offsets that differ by less than a second are listed under rounding. Times in the tables are UTC.

tzdb is the comparison base, not a source: it decides nothing in the atlas. Every difference below is decided by the atlas's own citations.

## Summary

| place | zone | periods compared | agree | differ | rounding only | days differing |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Paris (`fr-paris`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 3.8 |
| Brest (`fr-brest`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Nantes (`fr-nantes`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Bordeaux (`fr-bordeaux`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Rouen (`fr-rouen`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Toulouse (`fr-toulouse`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Lyon (`fr-lyon`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Marseille (`fr-marseille`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Nice (`fr-nice`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Ajaccio (`fr-ajaccio`) | Europe/Paris | 16 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 7748.8 |
| Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) | Europe/Paris | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 17855.9 |
| Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) | Europe/Berlin (for information) | 13 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 8679.5 |
| Metz (`fr-metz`) | Europe/Paris | 21 | 8 | 13 | 0 | 17753.2 |
| Metz (`fr-metz`) | Europe/Berlin (for information) | 13 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 8681.7 |
| New York City (`us-new-york`) | America/New_York | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 |
| Baltimore (`us-baltimore`) | America/New_York | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5069.5 |
| Washington (`us-washington`) | America/New_York | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5185.0 |
| Providence (`us-providence`) | America/New_York | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5071.5 |
| Indianapolis (`us-indianapolis`) | America/Indiana/Indianapolis | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5069.5 |
| Louisville (`us-louisville`) | America/Kentucky/Louisville | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5069.5 |
| Chicago (`us-chicago`) | America/Chicago | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5069.5 |
| Saint Paul (`us-saint-paul`) | America/Chicago | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5076.5 |
| Minneapolis (`us-minneapolis`) | America/Chicago | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5076.5 |

108 period(s) differ by a second or more; each is matched by exactly one explanation below.

## Where they agree

Spans in which the atlas and tzdb give the same offset, or offsets less than a second apart (tzdb rounds mean times to whole seconds). Times are UTC.

| place | zone | agree (UTC) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Paris (`fr-paris`) | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:50 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Brest (`fr-brest`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-17T00:17 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Nantes (`fr-nantes`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-17T00:06 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Bordeaux (`fr-bordeaux`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-17T00:02 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Rouen (`fr-rouen`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:55 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Toulouse (`fr-toulouse`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:54 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Lyon (`fr-lyon`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:40 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Marseille (`fr-marseille`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:38 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Nice (`fr-nice`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:30 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Ajaccio (`fr-ajaccio`) | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-16T23:25 to 1916-10-01T00:00; 1916-10-01T23:00 to 1917-10-07T00:00; 1917-10-07T23:00 to 1918-10-06T00:00; 1918-10-06T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) | Europe/Paris | 1916-09-30T23:00 to 1916-10-01T23:00; 1917-03-24T23:00 to 1917-04-16T01:00; 1917-09-17T01:00 to 1917-10-07T23:00; 1918-03-09T23:00 to 1918-04-15T01:00; 1918-09-16T01:00 to 1918-10-06T23:00; 1919-03-01T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) | Europe/Berlin (for information) | 1893-03-31T23:06 to 1918-11-21T11:00; 1919-03-01T22:55 to 1919-10-05T00:00 |
| Metz (`fr-metz`) | Europe/Paris | 1916-09-30T23:00 to 1916-10-01T23:00; 1917-03-24T23:00 to 1917-04-16T01:00; 1917-09-17T01:00 to 1917-10-07T23:00; 1918-03-09T23:00 to 1918-04-15T01:00; 1918-09-16T01:00 to 1918-10-06T23:00; 1918-11-19T05:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00; 1919-10-05T23:00 to 1920-01-01T00:00 |
| Metz (`fr-metz`) | Europe/Berlin (for information) | 1893-03-31T23:06 to 1918-11-19T05:00; 1919-03-01T23:00 to 1919-10-05T00:00 |
| New York City (`us-new-york`) | America/New_York | 1870-01-01T04:56 to 1920-01-01T05:00 |
| Baltimore (`us-baltimore`) | America/New_York | 1883-11-18T17:00 to 1920-01-01T05:00 |
| Washington (`us-washington`) | America/New_York | 1884-03-13T05:08 to 1920-01-01T05:00 |
| Providence (`us-providence`) | America/New_York | 1883-11-20T17:00 to 1920-01-01T05:00 |
| Indianapolis (`us-indianapolis`) | America/Indiana/Indianapolis | 1883-11-18T18:00 to 1920-01-01T06:00 |
| Louisville (`us-louisville`) | America/Kentucky/Louisville | 1883-11-18T18:00 to 1920-01-01T06:00 |
| Chicago (`us-chicago`) | America/Chicago | 1883-11-18T18:00 to 1920-01-01T06:00 |
| Saint Paul (`us-saint-paul`) | America/Chicago | 1883-11-25T18:00 to 1920-01-01T06:00 |
| Minneapolis (`us-minneapolis`) | America/Chicago | 1883-11-25T18:00 to 1920-01-01T06:00 |

## To report to tzdb

Findings the owner may send to the tz project: an apparent error in tzdb, or a difference between the instant a law set and tzdb's entry. Each says which. Nothing has been sent.

- `fr-summer-time-end-hour`: An apparent error in tzdb. Rule France ends summer time in 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919 at Oct Sun>=1 23:00s, at the end of the Sunday on which each decree restores normal time. The decrees (Journal officiel of 11 June 1916, 21 March 1917, 1 March 1918 and 11 February 1919) name only that date. The Paris papers cited put the change at its start: all public clocks set back from 01:00 to 00:00 summer time on 1 October 1916, the clocks set back within the hour after midnight on 7 October 1917, legal time set back at 01:00 on 5 October 1919 (Le Petit Parisien, Le Petit Journal). For 6 October 1918 the source is the instructions to the railway networks, which set all clocks back at 01:00; that other clocks changed at that hour is an inference. That would read Oct Sun>=1 0:00s, 23 hours earlier.
- `de-reich-law-1893-instant`: A difference between the legal instant and tzdb's entry, not a shown error. Zone Europe/Berlin keeps LMT until 1893 Apr, midnight Berlin mean time, 23:06:32 UTC on 31 March. The Reich law of 12 March 1893 (Reichs-Gesetzblatt 1893, p. 93) came into force at the moment "in welchem nach der im vorhergehenden Absatz festgesetzten Zeitbestimmung der 1. April 1893 beginnt": midnight Mid-European time, 23:00 UTC, when Berlin mean time read 23:53:28. As legal time that would read 1893 Mar 31 23:00u, the form tzdb uses for Rome's change of 1893, 6 min 32 s earlier; Zone Europe/Kaliningrad (Königsberg, German in 1893) ends its LMT line the same way, 22 minutes before the law's instant there. Public clocks may have been set at local midnight instead, as Strasbourg's cathedral clock was when Alsace-Lorraine went over to Mid-European time in 1892; what the clocks of Berlin and Königsberg did was not researched, and the atlas covers neither city.

## Differences and why

### fr-summer-time-end-hour

*Category:* transition-instant. *Periods:* 42. *Matches:* places `fr-paris`, `fr-brest`, `fr-nantes`, `fr-bordeaux`, `fr-rouen`, `fr-toulouse`, `fr-lyon`, `fr-marseille`, `fr-nice`, `fr-ajaccio`, `fr-strasbourg`, `fr-metz`; zones Europe/Paris; rules `fr-wet-1916`, `fr-wet-1917`, `fr-wet-1918`, `fr-wet-1919`, `als-mos-wet-1919`; atlas offsets +0:00:00; tzdb offsets +1:00:00.

tzdb ends French summer time in 1916-1919 at 23:00 UTC on the October date each decree names (Rule France, Oct Sun>=1 23:00s). The decrees give only the date. The sources cited put the change at the start of that date, 00:00 UTC: in 1916 all public clocks were to be set back at 01:00 summer time; in 1917 the clocks were set back within the hour after midnight; in 1918 the instructions to the railway networks set all clocks back at 01:00, and the atlas applies that hour to the other public clocks (an inference); in 1919 legal time was set back at 01:00. The atlas ends summer time 23 hours before tzdb does; the starts agree. Strasbourg and Metz, French again in 1919, are taken to have changed with the rest of France that year.

Decided by:

- `fr-jo-1916-06-11-decree`: Décret fixant l'application de la loi du 9 juin 1916 (10 juin 1916) (1916-06-10), p. 5134, col. 1, art. 1er. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2024209k/f2.item>
- `fr-jo-1917-03-21-decree`: Décret relatif à l'avance de l'heure légale pendant la période d'été (20 mars 1917) (1917-03-20), p. 2274, col. 1, art. 1er and 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63035685/f22.item>
- `fr-jo-1918-03-01-decree`: Décret sur l'avance de l'heure légale (28 février 1918) (1918-02-28), p. 2016, col. 2, art. 1er and 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6542734b/f14.item>
- `fr-jo-1919-02-11-decree`: Décret avançant l'heure légale de soixante minutes dans la nuit du 1er au 2 mars et rétablissant l'heure normale le 5 octobre (9 février 1919) (1919-02-09), p. 1604, col. 1, art. 1er and 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6361181p/f28.item>
- `fr-petitparisien-1916-09-30-public-clocks`: Aujourd'hui la journée sera de 25 heures ! C'est la nuit prochaine qu'il faudra retarder les pendules d'une heure (1916-09-30), p. 1, col. 5, the paragraph before the one quoted in fr-petitparisien-1916-09-30. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k565938p/f1.item>
- `fr-petitparisien-1916-09-30`: Aujourd'hui la journée sera de 25 heures ! C'est la nuit prochaine qu'il faudra retarder les pendules d'une heure (1916-09-30), p. 1, col. 5. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k565938p/f1.item>
- `fr-petitjournal-1916-09-30`: Une heure pour rien cette nuit en chemin de fer (1916-09-30), p. 2, col. 5. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k621317w/f2.item>
- `fr-petitjournal-1917-10-06`: Attention ! ce soir, retour à l'heure d'hiver (1917-10-06), p. 1, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6216890/f1.item>
- `fr-petitparisien-1917-10-07`: Le retour à l'heure normale s'est effectué cette nuit (1917-10-07), p. 2, col. 1. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k566311r/f2.item>
- `fr-petitparisien-1918-10-04`: Demain retour à l'heure normale (1918-10-04), p. 2, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k566673h/f2.item>
- `fr-petitjournal-1919-10-05`: Heure d'hiver : heure normale (note of the sous-secrétariat d'État aux Transports, 4 October 1919) (1919-10-05), p. 1, col. 3. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k622418v/f1.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-paris` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-paris` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-paris` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-paris` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | -3600 s |

### fr-own-mean-time-before-1891

*Category:* place-mean-time. *Periods:* 18. *Matches:* places `fr-brest`, `fr-nantes`, `fr-bordeaux`, `fr-rouen`, `fr-toulouse`, `fr-lyon`, `fr-marseille`, `fr-nice`, `fr-ajaccio`; zones Europe/Paris; rules `fr-lmt-before-1891`, `fr-brest-lmt-before-1891`; atlas offsets -0:17:56.707, -0:06:12.806, -0:02:19.310, +0:04:23.837, +0:05:46.481, +0:19:23.494, +0:21:31.457, +0:29:03.859, +0:34:57.149; tzdb offsets +0:09:21.

Before the law of 14 March 1891 the legal time of each French commune was its own mean time. tzdb gives every place in Europe/Paris the mean time of Paris (+0:09:21) until then. The atlas uses each place's own mean time, from its longitude; for Brest the Senate debate of 1891 puts the town's time 27 minutes behind the railway's Paris time. tzdb also dates the law's effect from 16 March 1891 and the atlas from 17 March (one clear day after the Journal officiel of 15 March, under the decree of 5 November 1870); Paris's offset did not change, so the date shows only as the end of these periods.

Decided by:

- `fr-senat-1891-02-17-restoration`: Sénat, séance du 17 février 1891: 1re délibération sur le projet de loi ayant pour objet l'adoption de l'heure, temps moyen de Paris, comme heure légale en France et en Algérie (1891-02-17), p. 72, col. 2 (speech of the commissaire du Gouvernement, M. Faye, president of the Bureau des longitudes, named on p. 71). <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6217603f/f2.item>
- `fr-senat-1891-02-17-brest`: Sénat, séance du 17 février 1891: 1re délibération sur le projet de loi ayant pour objet l'adoption de l'heure, temps moyen de Paris, comme heure légale en France et en Algérie (1891-02-17), p. 72, col. 1. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6217603f/f2.item>
- `fr-jo-1891-03-15-law`: Loi ayant pour objet l'adoption de l'heure temps moyen de Paris comme heure légale en France et en Algérie (14 mars 1891) (1891-03-14), p. 1233, col. 3. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343/f1.item>
- `fr-jo-1870-11-06-promulgation`: Décret relatif à la promulgation des lois et décrets par l'insertion au Journal officiel (1870-11-05), p. 1, col. 1, art. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6580187w/f1.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1870-01-01T00:17:56.707Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-brest-lmt-before-1891` | -0:17:56.707 | +0:09:21 LMT | -1637.707 s |
| `fr-brest` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:17:56.707Z | `fr-brest-lmt-before-1891` | -0:17:56.707 | +0:09:21 PMT | -1637.707 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1870-01-01T00:06:12.806Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:06:12.806 | +0:09:21 LMT | -933.806 s |
| `fr-nantes` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:06:12.806Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:06:12.806 | +0:09:21 PMT | -933.806 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1870-01-01T00:02:19.310Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:02:19.310 | +0:09:21 LMT | -700.31 s |
| `fr-bordeaux` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:02:19.310Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:02:19.310 | +0:09:21 PMT | -700.31 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:55:36.163Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:04:23.837 | +0:09:21 LMT | -297.163 s |
| `fr-rouen` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:55:36.163Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:04:23.837 | +0:09:21 PMT | -297.163 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:54:13.519Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:05:46.481 | +0:09:21 LMT | -214.519 s |
| `fr-toulouse` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:54:13.519Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:05:46.481 | +0:09:21 PMT | -214.519 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:40:36.506Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:19:23.494 | +0:09:21 LMT | 602.494 s |
| `fr-lyon` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:40:36.506Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:19:23.494 | +0:09:21 PMT | 602.494 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:38:28.543Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:21:31.457 | +0:09:21 LMT | 730.457 s |
| `fr-marseille` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:38:28.543Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:21:31.457 | +0:09:21 PMT | 730.457 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:30:56.141Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:29:03.859 | +0:09:21 LMT | 1182.859 s |
| `fr-nice` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:30:56.141Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:29:03.859 | +0:09:21 PMT | 1182.859 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:25:02.851Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:34:57.149 | +0:09:21 LMT | 1536.149 s |
| `fr-ajaccio` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:25:02.851Z | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:34:57.149 | +0:09:21 PMT | 1536.149 s |

### als-strasbourg-five-minutes

*Category:* local-adoption. *Periods:* 2. *Matches:* places `fr-strasbourg`; zones Europe/Paris; rules `als-strasbourg-french-1918`, `als-mos-summer-1919`; atlas offsets +0:05:00, +1:00:00; tzdb offsets +0:00:00.

Strasbourg's public clocks were set to 11:05 at noon Mid-European time on 21 November 1918, five minutes ahead of Greenwich, and were still so in mid-December. tzdb has French legal time (+0:00) there. When the five minutes ended is not known. The atlas keeps them until the start of summer time at 23:00 on 1 March 1919 by Strasbourg's clocks (22:55 UTC): that night the clocks go forward 55 minutes, to French summer time (+1:00) rather than +1:05, and the atlas is an hour ahead of tzdb for the five minutes until tzdb's summer time starts at 23:00 UTC. Both rules are flagged uncertain.

Decided by:

- `als-snn-1918-11-21-bekanntmachung`: Bekanntmachung, betreffend Einführung der französischen Zeit an Stelle der mitteleuropäischen (Straßburg, den 20. November 1918) (1918-11-20), p. 1, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9431850k/f1.item>
- `als-elsasser-1918-12-16-pariser-zeit`: Pariser Zeit (reader's letter, Straßburger Stadtchronik) (1918-12-16), p. 2, col. 4. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k94432097/f2.item>
- `als-jh-1919-02-28-railways`: Die Sommerzeit (1919-02-28), p. 2, col. 1. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3039456z/f2.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | `als-strasbourg-french-1918` | +0:05:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 300 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |

### als-mos-german-rule

*Category:* annexed-territory. *Periods:* 24. *Matches:* places `fr-strasbourg`, `fr-metz`; zones Europe/Paris; rules `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892`, `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892`, `als-strasbourg-mez-1892`, `mos-metz-mez-1892`, `de-mez-1893`, `de-summer-1916`, `de-mez-1916`, `de-summer-1917`, `de-mez-1917`, `de-summer-1918`, `als-strasbourg-mez-1918`, `mos-metz-mez-1918`; atlas offsets +0:30:58.927, +0:24:41.446, +1:00:00, +2:00:00; tzdb offsets +0:09:21, +0:00:00, +1:00:00.

tzdb has no zone for Alsace-Lorraine and gives Strasbourg and Metz the time of Paris throughout. Before 1871 their legal time was, as elsewhere in France, their own mean time. From 1871 to November 1918 they were German: local mean time until Mid-European time was made local time on 1 April 1892, legal time under the Reich law from 1 April 1893, German summer time 1916-1918. Metz changed to French time on 19 November 1918 and Strasbourg on 21 November.

Decided by:

- `fr-senat-1891-02-17-restoration`: Sénat, séance du 17 février 1891: 1re délibération sur le projet de loi ayant pour objet l'adoption de l'heure, temps moyen de Paris, comme heure légale en France et en Algérie (1891-02-17), p. 72, col. 2 (speech of the commissaire du Gouvernement, M. Faye, president of the Bureau des longitudes, named on p. 71). <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6217603f/f2.item>
- `als-snn-1892-03-31-mez`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Straßburg, local news) (1892-03-31), Zweites Blatt, first page (Gallica view 5), col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t528094756/f5.item>
- `mos-lz-1892-03-29-city`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Metz, local news) (1892-03-29), p. 3, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9340208n/f3.item>
- `de-rgbl-1893-03-12-law`: Gesetz, betreffend die Einführung einer einheitlichen Zeitbestimmung. Vom 12. März 1893 (Nr. 2075) (1893-03-12), p. 93. <https://archive.org/details/pbc.gda.pl.Nr_07_76958>
- `de-snn-1916-04-08-wtb`: Letzte Telegramme: WTB Berlin, 7. April. Amtlich (Verordnung des Bundesrats über die Sommerzeit) (1916-04-08), Gallica view 13, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9429782d/f13.item>
- `mos-matin-1918-11-21-metz`: L'installation de M. Mirman comme commissaire de la République en Lorraine (Metz, 19 novembre) (1918-11-21), p. 1, cols. 3-4 (dateline Metz, 19 novembre; the passage is in col. 4). <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572721g/f1.item>
- `als-snn-1918-11-21-bekanntmachung`: Bekanntmachung, betreffend Einführung der französischen Zeit an Stelle der mitteleuropäischen (Straßburg, den 20. November 1918) (1918-11-20), p. 1, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9431850k/f1.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:09:21 LMT | 1297.927 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:09:21 PMT | 1297.927 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | `als-strasbourg-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | 3039 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | 3039 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 7200 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | `als-strasbourg-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1869-12-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:09:21 LMT | 920.446 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:09:21 PMT | 920.446 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | `mos-metz-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | 3039 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | 3039 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 7200 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | 3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Paris | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | `mos-metz-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | 3600 s |

### als-mos-not-berlin

*Category:* annexed-territory. *Periods:* 8. *Matches:* places `fr-strasbourg`, `fr-metz`; zones Europe/Berlin; rules `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892`, `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892`, `als-strasbourg-mez-1892`, `mos-metz-mez-1892`, `als-strasbourg-french-1918`, `mos-metz-french-1918`, `als-mos-wet-1919`; atlas offsets +0:30:58.927, +0:24:41.446, +1:00:00, +0:05:00, +0:00:00; tzdb offsets +0:53:28, +1:00:00.

Europe/Berlin, compared for information, keeps Berlin's mean time (+0:53:28) until 1 April 1893. Strasbourg and Metz kept their own mean time until 1 April 1892 and Mid-European time from then. From 1 April 1893 to their change to French time in November 1918 the atlas and Europe/Berlin agree, German summer time included, except in the first minutes of 1 April 1893 (de-reich-law-1893-instant). After that the two cities were French.

Decided by:

- `als-snn-1892-03-31-mez`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Straßburg, local news) (1892-03-31), Zweites Blatt, first page (Gallica view 5), col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t528094756/f5.item>
- `mos-lz-1892-03-29-city`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Metz, local news) (1892-03-29), p. 3, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9340208n/f3.item>
- `de-rgbl-1893-03-12-law`: Gesetz, betreffend die Einführung einer einheitlichen Zeitbestimmung. Vom 12. März 1893 (Nr. 2075) (1893-03-12), p. 93. <https://archive.org/details/pbc.gda.pl.Nr_07_76958>
- `mos-matin-1918-11-21-metz`: L'installation de M. Mirman comme commissaire de la République en Lorraine (Metz, 19 novembre) (1918-11-21), p. 1, cols. 3-4 (dateline Metz, 19 novembre; the passage is in col. 4). <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572721g/f1.item>
- `als-snn-1918-11-21-bekanntmachung`: Bekanntmachung, betreffend Einführung der französischen Zeit an Stelle der mitteleuropäischen (Straßburg, den 20. November 1918) (1918-11-20), p. 1, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9431850k/f1.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Berlin | 1869-12-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:53:28 LMT | -1349.073 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Berlin | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | `als-strasbourg-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | 392 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Berlin | 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | `als-strasbourg-french-1918` | +0:05:00 | +1:00:00 CET | -3300 s |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Berlin | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | -3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Berlin | 1869-12-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:53:28 LMT | -1726.554 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Berlin | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | `mos-metz-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | 392 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Berlin | 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | `mos-metz-french-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | -3600 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Berlin | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | -3600 s |

### de-reich-law-1893-instant

*Category:* transition-instant. *Periods:* 2. *Matches:* places `fr-strasbourg`, `fr-metz`; zones Europe/Berlin; rules `de-mez-1893`; atlas offsets +1:00:00; tzdb offsets +0:53:28.

Europe/Berlin, compared for information, keeps Berlin's mean time (+0:53:28) until midnight Berlin mean time at the start of 1 April 1893, 23:06:32 UTC on 31 March (tzdb's 1893 Apr). The Reich law of 12 March 1893 came into force when 1 April 1893 began by Mid-European time, 23:00 UTC, where the atlas starts de-mez-1893. Strasbourg and Metz, on Mid-European time since 1892, did not change; for the 6 min 32 s between the two instants the atlas gives them +1:00 and Europe/Berlin +0:53:28.

Decided by:

- `de-rgbl-1893-03-12-law`: Gesetz, betreffend die Einführung einer einheitlichen Zeitbestimmung. Vom 12. März 1893 (Nr. 2075) (1893-03-12), p. 93. <https://archive.org/details/pbc.gda.pl.Nr_07_76958>
- `als-snn-1892-03-31-mez`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Straßburg, local news) (1892-03-31), Zweites Blatt, first page (Gallica view 5), col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t528094756/f5.item>
- `als-snn-1892-04-01-muenster`: M. E. Z. (1892-04-01), Zweites Blatt, first page (Gallica view 5), col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t52809476m/f5.item>
- `mos-lz-1892-03-29-city`: Mitteleuropäische Zeit (Metz, local news) (1892-03-29), p. 3, col. 2. <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9340208n/f3.item>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `fr-strasbourg` | Europe/Berlin | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | 392 s |
| `fr-metz` | Europe/Berlin | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | 392 s |

### us-city-time-before-standard-time

*Category:* place-mean-time. *Periods:* 5. *Matches:* places `us-baltimore`, `us-washington`, `us-providence`, `us-saint-paul`, `us-minneapolis`; zones America/New_York, America/Chicago; rules `us-baltimore-city-time-before-1883`, `us-washington-city-time-before-1883`, `us-providence-city-time-before-1883`, `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883`, `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883`; atlas offsets -5:06:28, -5:08:12, -4:45:20, -6:12:08, -6:13:03.322; tzdb offsets -4:56:02, -5:50:36.

Before standard time each city kept its own time. tzdb gives every place in America/New_York the mean time of New York (-4:56:02) and every place in America/Chicago that of Chicago (-5:50:36) until noon on 18 November 1883. The atlas gives each city its own: the city time the reports cited measure at the change for Baltimore (6 min 28 s behind Eastern time), Washington (8 min 12 s behind it), Providence (14 min 40 s ahead of it) and Saint Paul (12 min 8 s behind Central time), and the mean time of its longitude for Minneapolis, for which no report gives a figure.

Decided by:

- `us-star-1883-11-17-baltimore`: Standard Time in Baltimore (1883-11-17), p. 5, col. 5. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-17/ed-1/?sp=5>
- `us-star-1883-11-19-bells`: How Father Time Was Robbed of Eight Minutes Yesterday: the fire bells to give both times (1883-11-19), p. 1, col. 5. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1>
- `us-narragansett-1883-11-03-providence`: Local news (the railroads centering in Providence adopt standard time) (1883-11-03), p. 2, col. 1. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92063989/1883-11-03/ed-1/?sp=2>
- `us-globe-1883-11-25-omaha`: New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest (1883-11-25), p. 5, col. 3. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5>
- `us-globe-1883-11-25-meantime`: New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest (1883-11-25), p. 5, col. 3. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `us-baltimore` | America/New_York | 1870-01-01T05:06:28Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | `us-baltimore-city-time-before-1883` | -5:06:28 | -4:56:02 LMT | -626 s |
| `us-washington` | America/New_York | 1870-01-01T05:08:12Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | `us-washington-city-time-before-1883` | -5:08:12 | -4:56:02 LMT | -730 s |
| `us-providence` | America/New_York | 1870-01-01T04:45:20Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | `us-providence-city-time-before-1883` | -4:45:20 | -4:56:02 LMT | 642 s |
| `us-saint-paul` | America/Chicago | 1870-01-01T06:12:08Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883` | -6:12:08 | -5:50:36 LMT | -1292 s |
| `us-minneapolis` | America/Chicago | 1870-01-01T06:13:03.322Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -6:13:03.322 | -5:50:36 LMT | -1347.322 s |

### us-standard-time-adopted-later

*Category:* local-adoption. *Periods:* 3. *Matches:* places `us-providence`, `us-saint-paul`, `us-minneapolis`; zones America/New_York, America/Chicago; rules `us-providence-city-time-before-1883`, `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883`, `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883`; atlas offsets -4:45:20, -6:12:08, -6:13:03.322; tzdb offsets -5:00:00, -6:00:00.

tzdb puts these cities on standard time at noon on 18 November 1883, when the railroads changed. The Providence authorities adopted it on Tuesday 20 November, and Saint Paul and Minneapolis on Sunday 25 November; the atlas keeps each city's own time until then.

Decided by:

- `us-pawtucket-1883-11-23-providence`: Local news (the new standard of time in Pawtucket and Providence) (1883-11-23), p. 2, col. 5. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83021578/1883-11-23/ed-1/?sp=2>
- `us-globe-1883-11-25-stpaul`: New Standard Time: Its Adoption To-Day Throughout the Whole Northwest (1883-11-25), p. 5, col. 3. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=5>
- `us-globe-1883-11-25-minneapolis`: Minneapolis Globules (1883-11-25), p. 6, col. 1. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025287/1883-11-25/ed-1/?sp=6>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `us-providence` | America/New_York | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1883-11-20T17:00:00Z | `us-providence-city-time-before-1883` | -4:45:20 | -5:00:00 EST | 880 s |
| `us-saint-paul` | America/Chicago | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883` | -6:12:08 | -6:00:00 CST | -728 s |
| `us-minneapolis` | America/Chicago | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -6:13:03.322 | -6:00:00 CST | -783.322 s |

### us-city-time-whole-minutes

*Category:* reference-offset. *Periods:* 2. *Matches:* places `us-indianapolis`, `us-chicago`; zones America/Indiana/Indianapolis, America/Chicago; rules `us-indianapolis-city-time-before-1883`, `us-chicago-city-time-before-1883`; atlas offsets -5:44:00, -5:51:00; tzdb offsets -5:44:38, -5:50:36.

tzdb gives Indianapolis and Chicago the mean time of their longitudes before standard time, -5:44:38 and -5:50:36. The reports cited measure each city's change in whole minutes: the Indianapolis court-house clock was set back sixteen minutes, and Central time was nine minutes slower than Chicago time. The atlas takes city time from the reports, -5:44:00 and -5:51:00, as it does wherever a report measures the change; the differences, 38 s and 24 s, are within the reports' rounding. The changes themselves agree.

Decided by:

- `us-indj-1883-11-19-courthouse`: The Change in Time: the Standard Time Duly Adopted (1883-11-19), p. 8, col. 1. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015679/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=8>
- `us-argus-1883-11-19-chicago`: By Meridian Ninety: the New Standard Time Went into Effect at Noon Yesterday (1883-11-19), p. 4, col. 3. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92053943/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=4>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `us-indianapolis` | America/Indiana/Indianapolis | 1870-01-01T05:44:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | `us-indianapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -5:44:00 | -5:44:38 LMT | 38 s |
| `us-chicago` | America/Chicago | 1870-01-01T05:51:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | `us-chicago-city-time-before-1883` | -5:51:00 | -5:50:36 LMT | -24 s |

### us-washington-until-1884

*Category:* local-adoption. *Periods:* 1. *Matches:* places `us-washington`; zones America/New_York; rules `us-washington-two-times-1883`; atlas offsets -5:08:12; tzdb offsets -5:00:00.

tzdb puts Washington on Eastern time from noon on 18 November 1883. The government departments and the fire bells kept Washington time after that date, and the District's legal time became the mean time of the 75th meridian only by the act of 13 March 1884. The atlas keeps Washington time until then and flags the period uncertain, since the railroads and the businesses dealing with them used Eastern time from 18 November 1883.

Decided by:

- `us-star-1883-11-19-departments`: How Father Time Was Robbed of Eight Minutes Yesterday (1883-11-19), p. 1, col. 5. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1>
- `us-star-1883-11-19-bells`: How Father Time Was Robbed of Eight Minutes Yesterday: the fire bells to give both times (1883-11-19), p. 1, col. 5. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1883-11-19/ed-1/?sp=1>
- `us-stat-1884-dc`: An act to establish a standard of time in the District of Columbia (ch. 12, approved March 13, 1884) (1884-03-13), 23 Stat. 4, ch. 12. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/llsalvol.llsal_023/?sp=32>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `us-washington` | America/New_York | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1884-03-13T05:08:12Z | `us-washington-two-times-1883` | -5:08:12 | -5:00:00 EST | -492 s |

### us-louisville-city-clock

*Category:* reference-offset. *Periods:* 1. *Matches:* places `us-louisville`; zones America/Kentucky/Louisville; rules `us-louisville-city-time-before-1883`; atlas offsets -5:42:00; tzdb offsets -5:43:02.

tzdb gives Louisville the mean time of its longitude, -5:43:02, until noon Central time on 18 November 1883. The report cited has the fire bells ring noon by the new time and the city clock turned back 18 minutes, which puts Louisville city time at -5:42:00. The atlas uses the report's figure and flags the rule uncertain, giving both readings: tzdb's own comments (a lead, not a source) say the Louisville & Nashville Railroad's trains were to stand still for 18 minutes at its change that day, so the 18 minutes may measure the railroad's change rather than the city clock's. The change itself agrees.

Decided by:

- `us-bourbon-1883-11-20-louisville`: Local notes (standard time in Louisville) (1883-11-20), p. 1, col. 2. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86069872/1883-11-20/ed-1/?sp=1>

| place | zone | from (UTC) | to (UTC) | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | atlas − tzdb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| `us-louisville` | America/Kentucky/Louisville | 1870-01-01T05:42:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | `us-louisville-city-time-before-1883` | -5:42:00 | -5:43:02 LMT | 62 s |

## Place by place

Every period, in order. "agrees" means the offsets are equal; "rounding" that they differ by less than a second.

### Paris (`fr-paris`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-paris-mean-time-before-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 LMT | agrees |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:50:39Z | 1.0 d | `fr-paris-mean-time-before-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1891-03-16T23:50:39Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-paris-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Brest (`fr-brest`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T00:17:56.707Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-brest-lmt-before-1891` | -0:17:56.707 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by -1637.707 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:17:56.707Z | 1.0 d | `fr-brest-lmt-before-1891` | -0:17:56.707 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by -1637.707 s |
| 1891-03-17T00:17:56.707Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Nantes (`fr-nantes`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T00:06:12.806Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:06:12.806 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by -933.806 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:06:12.806Z | 1.0 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:06:12.806 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by -933.806 s |
| 1891-03-17T00:06:12.806Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Bordeaux (`fr-bordeaux`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T00:02:19.310Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:02:19.310 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by -700.31 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-17T00:02:19.310Z | 1.0 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | -0:02:19.310 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by -700.31 s |
| 1891-03-17T00:02:19.310Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Rouen (`fr-rouen`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:55:36.163Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:04:23.837 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by -297.163 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:55:36.163Z | 1.0 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:04:23.837 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by -297.163 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:55:36.163Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Toulouse (`fr-toulouse`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:54:13.519Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:05:46.481 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by -214.519 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:54:13.519Z | 1.0 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:05:46.481 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by -214.519 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:54:13.519Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Lyon (`fr-lyon`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:40:36.506Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:19:23.494 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 602.494 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:40:36.506Z | 23.83 h | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:19:23.494 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 602.494 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:40:36.506Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Marseille (`fr-marseille`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:38:28.543Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:21:31.457 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 730.457 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:38:28.543Z | 23.80 h | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:21:31.457 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 730.457 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:38:28.543Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Nice (`fr-nice`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:30:56.141Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:29:03.859 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 1182.859 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:30:56.141Z | 23.67 h | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:29:03.859 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 1182.859 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:30:56.141Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Ajaccio (`fr-ajaccio`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:25:02.851Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:34:57.149 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 1536.149 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1891-03-16T23:25:02.851Z | 23.57 h | `fr-lmt-before-1891` | +0:34:57.149 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 1536.149 s |
| 1891-03-16T23:25:02.851Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 7298 d | `fr-pmt-1891` | +0:09:21 | +0:09:21 PMT | agrees |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1923 d | `fr-wet-1911-provinces` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 108 d | `fr-summer-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T00:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `fr-wet-1916` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 196 d | `fr-summer-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T00:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `fr-wet-1917` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 210 d | `fr-summer-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T00:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 146 d | `fr-wet-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `fr-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `fr-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 1297.927 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 382 d | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 1297.927 s |
| 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 365 d | `als-strasbourg-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 3039 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 6552 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 3039 s |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1878 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 45.0 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 7200 s |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 108 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1.0 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 22.1 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 20.9 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 36.1 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 20.9 d | `als-strasbourg-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 45.5 d | `als-strasbourg-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | 100 d | `als-strasbourg-french-1918` | +0:05:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 300 s |
| 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 0.08 h | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Strasbourg (`fr-strasbourg`) against Europe/Berlin (for information)

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 8126 d | `als-strasbourg-lmt-before-1892` | +0:30:58.927 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by -1349.073 s |
| 1892-03-31T23:29:01.073Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 365 d | `als-strasbourg-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by 392 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | 0.11 h | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by 392 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 8430 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 197 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 210 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 66.4 d | `als-strasbourg-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1918-11-21T11:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | 100 d | `als-strasbourg-french-1918` | +0:05:00 | +1:00:00 CET | differs by -3300 s |
| 1919-03-01T22:55:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 88.0 d | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | differs by -3600 s |

### Metz (`fr-metz`) against Europe/Paris

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 7744 d | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:09:21 LMT | differs by 920.446 s |
| 1891-03-15T23:50:39Z | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 382 d | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 920.446 s |
| 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 365 d | `mos-metz-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 3039 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 6552 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:09:21 PMT | differs by 3039 s |
| 1911-03-10T23:50:39Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1878 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 45.0 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 7200 s |
| 1916-06-14T23:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 108 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1.0 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1916-10-01T23:00:00Z | 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 174 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1917-03-24T23:00:00Z | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 22.1 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 20.9 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1917-10-07T23:00:00Z | 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-03-09T23:00:00Z | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 36.1 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 20.9 d | `mos-metz-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1918-10-06T23:00:00Z | 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | 43.3 d | `mos-metz-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | differs by 3600 s |
| 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 103 d | `mos-metz-french-1918` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 23.00 h | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 WEST | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-10-05T23:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 87.0 d | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +0:00:00 WET | agrees |

### Metz (`fr-metz`) against Europe/Berlin (for information)

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869-12-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 8126 d | `mos-metz-lmt-before-1892` | +0:24:41.446 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by -1726.554 s |
| 1892-03-31T23:35:18.554Z | 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 365 d | `mos-metz-mez-1892` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by 392 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:00:00Z | 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | 0.11 h | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +0:53:28 LMT | differs by 392 s |
| 1893-03-31T23:06:32Z | 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 8430 d | `de-mez-1893` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1916-04-30T22:00:00Z | 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 153 d | `de-summer-1916` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1916-09-30T23:00:00Z | 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 197 d | `de-mez-1916` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1917-04-16T01:00:00Z | 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1917` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1917-09-17T01:00:00Z | 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 210 d | `de-mez-1917` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1918-04-15T01:00:00Z | 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 154 d | `de-summer-1918` | +2:00:00 | +2:00:00 CEST | agrees |
| 1918-09-16T01:00:00Z | 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | 64.2 d | `mos-metz-mez-1918` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1918-11-19T05:00:00Z | 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 103 d | `mos-metz-french-1918` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | differs by -3600 s |
| 1919-03-01T23:00:00Z | 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 217 d | `als-mos-summer-1919` | +1:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | agrees |
| 1919-10-05T00:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T00:00:00Z | 88.0 d | `als-mos-wet-1919` | +0:00:00 | +1:00:00 CET | differs by -3600 s |

### New York City (`us-new-york`) against America/New_York

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T04:56:01.620Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 5070 d | `us-nyc-city-time-before-1883` | -4:56:01.620 | -4:56:02 LMT | rounding (380 ms) |
| 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 12551 d | `us-nyc-eastern-1883` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1918` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-eastern-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1919` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T05:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-eastern-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |

### Baltimore (`us-baltimore`) against America/New_York

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T05:06:28Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 5069 d | `us-baltimore-city-time-before-1883` | -5:06:28 | -4:56:02 LMT | differs by -626 s |
| 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 12551 d | `us-baltimore-eastern-1883` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1918` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-eastern-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1919` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T05:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-eastern-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |

### Washington (`us-washington`) against America/New_York

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T05:08:12Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 5069 d | `us-washington-city-time-before-1883` | -5:08:12 | -4:56:02 LMT | differs by -730 s |
| 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1884-03-13T05:08:12Z | 116 d | `us-washington-two-times-1883` | -5:08:12 | -5:00:00 EST | differs by -492 s |
| 1884-03-13T05:08:12Z | 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 12435 d | `us-washington-eastern-1884` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1918` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-eastern-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1919` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T05:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-eastern-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |

### Providence (`us-providence`) against America/New_York

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T04:45:20Z | 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 5070 d | `us-providence-city-time-before-1883` | -4:45:20 | -4:56:02 LMT | differs by 642 s |
| 1883-11-18T17:00:00Z | 1883-11-20T17:00:00Z | 2.0 d | `us-providence-city-time-before-1883` | -4:45:20 | -5:00:00 EST | differs by 880 s |
| 1883-11-20T17:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 12549 d | `us-providence-eastern-1883` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T07:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1918` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T06:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-eastern-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T07:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-eastern-dst-1919` | -4:00:00 | -4:00:00 EDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T06:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T05:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-eastern-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 EST | agrees |

### Indianapolis (`us-indianapolis`) against America/Indiana/Indianapolis

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T05:44:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 5070 d | `us-indianapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -5:44:00 | -5:44:38 LMT | differs by 38 s |
| 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 12551 d | `us-indianapolis-central-1883` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-central-1918` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T06:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-central-1919` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |

### Louisville (`us-louisville`) against America/Kentucky/Louisville

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T05:42:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 5070 d | `us-louisville-city-time-before-1883` | -5:42:00 | -5:43:02 LMT | differs by 62 s |
| 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 12551 d | `us-louisville-central-1883` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-central-1918` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T06:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-central-1919` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |

### Chicago (`us-chicago`) against America/Chicago

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T05:51:00Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 5070 d | `us-chicago-city-time-before-1883` | -5:51:00 | -5:50:36 LMT | differs by -24 s |
| 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 12551 d | `us-chicago-central-1883` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-central-1918` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T06:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-central-1919` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |

### Saint Paul (`us-saint-paul`) against America/Chicago

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T06:12:08Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 5069 d | `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883` | -6:12:08 | -5:50:36 LMT | differs by -1292 s |
| 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | 7.0 d | `us-saint-paul-city-time-before-1883` | -6:12:08 | -6:00:00 CST | differs by -728 s |
| 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 12544 d | `us-saint-paul-central-1883` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-central-1918` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T06:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-central-1919` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |

### Minneapolis (`us-minneapolis`) against America/Chicago

| from (UTC) | to (UTC) | length | atlas rule | atlas | tzdb | result |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870-01-01T06:13:03.322Z | 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 5069 d | `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -6:13:03.322 | -5:50:36 LMT | differs by -1347.322 s |
| 1883-11-18T18:00:00Z | 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | 7.0 d | `us-minneapolis-city-time-before-1883` | -6:13:03.322 | -6:00:00 CST | differs by -783.322 s |
| 1883-11-25T18:00:00Z | 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 12544 d | `us-minneapolis-central-1883` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1918-03-31T08:00:00Z | 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1918` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1918-10-27T07:00:00Z | 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 154 d | `us-central-1918` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |
| 1919-03-30T08:00:00Z | 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 210 d | `us-central-dst-1919` | -5:00:00 | -5:00:00 CDT | agrees |
| 1919-10-26T07:00:00Z | 1920-01-01T06:00:00Z | 67.0 d | `us-central-1919` | -6:00:00 | -6:00:00 CST | agrees |